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--- hawthornden_estate [2024/01/24 17:06] – [1902-05-09: J.D. Toynbee Meninggal Dunia] sazli
+++ hawthornden_estate [2024/01/29 18:58] (kini) – [1888-10: Pembukaan] sazli
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-Pada Oktober 1888, Ladang "Ulu Gonggang" di Batu 5 Jalan Pahang Kuala Lumpur (di penghujung sebelah utara [[gonggang|pusat perlombongan Gonggang]]) telah dibuka oleh F. A. Toynbee, bekas pengurus ladang Weld's Hill kepunyaan syarikat Messrs. Hill and Rathborne: //"I have the honour to enclose an application from Mr. F. A. Toynbee, Manager of Weld's Hill Estate for one thousand acres of land lying between the 5th mile post Pahang Road and Ulu G(r)onggang for the purpose of planting coffee and pepper, as shown on his rough sketch attached to his letter. The land is hilly and well suited for the purpose, and though bordering on extensive mining properties, is not likely, on account of its conformation, to be required for mines. I therefore recommend that it be granted to Mr. Toynbee at the usual figure for forest land of $3 premium and 10c quit rent per acre, and that he be allowed the refusal of the intervening land, which is of the same nature, for 3 years, or the first choice of taking it up if it be applied for in the meantime by other parties. No exclusive right to the timber on the land can be granted, but the right of the lessee to cut what he wants for himself is not likely to be interfered with by the Government."// ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Conway_Belfield|Henry Conway Belfield]] @ PEJABAT SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR, 09/10/1888: {{ :arkib:19570012622d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/collection/asset/20578|"ENCLOSES AN APPLICATIONS FROM MR.F.A.TOYNBEE MANAGER OF WELDS HILLS ESTATE FOR ONE THOUSAND ACRES OF LAND LYING BETWEEN THE 5TH MILE POST PAHANG ROAD AND ULU GONGGANG FOR THE PURPOSE OF PLANTING COFFEE & PEPPER"]]).
+Pada Oktober 1888, Ladang "Ulu Gonggang" di Batu 5 Jalan Pahang Kuala Lumpur (di penghujung sebelah utara [[gonggang|pusat perlombongan Gonggang]]) telah dibuka oleh F. A. Toynbee, bekas pengurus ladang Weld's Hill kepunyaan syarikat Messrs. Hill and Rathborne: //"I have the honour to enclose an application from Mr. F. A. Toynbee, Manager of Weld's Hill Estate for one thousand acres of land lying between the 5th mile post Pahang Road and Ulu G(r)onggang for the purpose of planting coffee and pepper, as shown on his rough sketch attached to his letter. The land is hilly and well suited for the purpose, and though bordering on extensive mining properties, is not likely, on account of its conformation, to be required for mines. I therefore recommend that it be granted to Mr. Toynbee at the usual figure for forest land of $3 premium and 10c quit rent per acre, and that he be allowed the refusal of the intervening land, which is of the same nature, for 3 years, or the first choice of taking it up if it be applied for in the meantime by other parties. No exclusive right to the timber on the land can be granted, but the right of the lessee to cut what he wants for himself is not likely to be interfered with by the Government."// ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Conway_Belfield|Henry Conway Belfield]] @ PEJABAT SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR, 09/10/1888: {{ :arkib:19570012622d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/20578|"ENCLOSES AN APPLICATIONS FROM MR.F.A.TOYNBEE MANAGER OF WELDS HILLS ESTATE FOR ONE THOUSAND ACRES OF LAND LYING BETWEEN THE 5TH MILE POST PAHANG ROAD AND ULU GONGGANG FOR THE PURPOSE OF PLANTING COFFEE & PEPPER"]]).
 Kemungkinan ladang Ulu Gonggang ini berkembang ke Batu 6 Jalan Pahang, dan dinamakan sebagai Ladang Hawthornden. Ladang ini kemudiannya berkembang ke timur/tenggara sehingga merangkumi sebahagian besar kawasan [[https://hutan.pulasan.my/bukit_dinding|Bukit Dinding]]: //"The opening of the Hawthornden Estate on the Pahang Road (6th mile) has given an impetus to planting enterprise in this direction. A second private planting company has taken up a thousand acres in this direction and commenced work already. Mr. Toynbee, late manager for Messrs. Hill and Rathborne, has done a great deal towards proving the success of planting enterprise in this state and it is to be hoped that the private enterprise on which he is now embarking will bring him the success he deserves."// (The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (Weekly), 5 July 1889, Page 15: {{ ::akhbar:singfreepresswk18890705-1-2-30.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk18890705-1.2.30|"SELANGOR NEWS"]]).
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 J.D. Toynbee, saudara kandung serta rakan kongsi pembuka ladang ini, F.A. Toynbee, meninggal dunia pada 9 Mei 1902: //"The Malay Mail announces the death, on the 9th instant, of a well known planter there - Mr. J. Toynbee, of Hawthornden estate. The deceased only returned from a holiday a few months ago, having been married whilst in England."// (The Straits Times, 15 May 1902, Page 4: {{ :akhbar:straitstimes19020515-1-2-41.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19020515-1.2.41|"Untitled"]]).
-===== 1903-1910: Perlombongan Loke Yew =====
+===== 1903-1910: Lombong dan Ladang Loke Yew =====
 Pada tahun 1903, Loke Yew telah diberi lesen melombong bijih timah di keseluruhan Hawthorden Estate, dengan keluasan maksima seluas 500 ekar. Setakat tahun 1909, beliau telah membuka seluas ~262 ekar di dalam ladang ini. Jumlah besar keluasan lombong beliau ialah 7,191 ekar, dengan pekerja seramai 15,072 orang: //"In 1903 Loke Yew was granted a license to prospect the whole of this Estate for tin with the right to select up to 500 acres; at a premium of $10/- an acre for uncultivated land and $5/- an acre for cultivated land, vide correspondence 6679/03. He has selected in all 262 acres 2 reeds 20 poles and this area he holds under mining lease. ... The Warden of Mines reports that Loke Yew holds 7191 acres of mining land and employs 15072 coolies."// (Arkib Negara 1957/0149032W, 01/09/1909: {{ :arkib:19570149032d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1479954|"APPLICATION FROM TOWKAY LOKE YEW FOR MINING RIGHTS OVER 140 ACRES OF LAND AT SETAPAK FORMING PART OF HOWTHORNDEN ESTATE HELD BY HIM UNDER GRANT NO. 1520"]]).
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   * //"We learn from our Kuala Lumpur comtemp. that Towkay Loke Yew is reopening his tin mine at Setapak on a large scale."// (Straits Echo, 15 February 1905, Page 4: {{ :akhbar:straitsecho19050215-1-2-21.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitsecho19050215-1.2.21|"Lawn Tennis"]]; The Straits Echo (Mail Edition), 17 February 1905, Page 123: {{ :akhbar:straitsechomail19050217-1-2-45.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitsechomail19050217-1.2.45|"Plague"]]).
-Pada tahun 1906, berikutan kenaikan harga getah, Loke Yew telah mengubah banyak daripadanya kepada perladangan: //"Loke Yew continued to demonstrate a lack of long term commitment to the industry. In 1901 he had established the Serendah & Jeher Hydraulic Co. in partnership with Loke Chow Thye and Loke Chow Kit, working on rich mining land in Serendah, Setapak and the surrounding areas. But at the beginning of the rubber boom in 1906 he sold the company and converted the land to rubber cultivation."// (Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown, 2016: [[https://books.google.com.my/books?id=-QW_DAAAQBAJ|Capital and Entrepreneurship in South-East Asia]], m.s. 86).
+Pada tahun 1906, berikutan kenaikan harga getah, Loke Yew telah memanfaatkan modal hasil bijih timahnya untuk mengubah kebanyakan tanah-tanah lombongnya kepada perladangan. Hawthornden Estate turut dijadikan campuran ladang getah dan lombong bijih timah (300 ekar lombong, 300 ekar tanaman getah), di bawah pengurusan Mr. A.G. Crane. Jumlah keluasan keseluruhan Hawthornden Estate menjelang tahun 1910 ialah 2,400 ekar:-
-Walau bagaimanapun, masih terdapat rekod pembukaan lombong Loke Yew di dalam Hawthornden Estate pada tahun 1907-1910:-
+  * //"Loke Yew continued to demonstrate a lack of long term commitment to the industry. In 1901 he had established the Serendah & Jeher Hydraulic Co. in partnership with Loke Chow Thye and Loke Chow Kit, working on rich mining land in Serendah, Setapak and the surrounding areas. But at the beginning of the rubber boom in 1906 he sold the company and converted the land to rubber cultivation."// (Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown, 2016: [[https://books.google.com.my/books?id=-QW_DAAAQBAJ|Capital and Entrepreneurship in South-East Asia]], m.s. 86).
+  * //"Capital accumulated in the tin-mining industry was a significant source of investment in the rubber planting industry. As Chinese tin miners faced increasing challenges from European companies at the turn of the century, rubber planting provided them with a new outlet of investment. The Cantonese built up a strong presence in the rubber planting industry as the majority of leading Chinese tin miners were Cantonese. Loke Yew accumulated a vast holding of rubber estates in the 1900s, adding a new dimension to his business empire of tin mining, revenue farming, properties and miscellaneous investments. By 1910 he had several large rubber estates: the Kalumpang and Wayat Estates with W. de L. Brooke as manager and the Changkat Asa Estate with Ho Siew Chee as manager within his concession at Tanjong Malim, Perak; the 2,400-acre Hawthornden Estate with A.G. Crane as manager, the 2,000-acre Bukit Kamuning Estate with R.V. McClelland as manager, and the Serendah Estate in Selangor with P. Hoffner as manager. (Singapore and Straits Directory 1910, p. 396; Singapore and Straits Directory 1920, p. 487.) In 1897 Loke Yew was granted 20,000 acres of land in Ulu Bernam, Selangor, for paddy planting purposes. By 1905 about 4,000 acres in the concession were planted with gambier, pepper, rubber and coconuts, while the original paddy scheme had been dropped. ... In terms of the size of rubber estate holdings, he was one of the biggest Chinese rubber estate owners in the 1910s. (Wright and Cartwright, Twentieth Century Impressions, pp. 435-6.)"// (William Tai Yuen @ The University of Hong Kong, June 2010: {{ :buku:chinese_capitalism_in_colonial_malaya_1900-1941.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.5353%2Fth_b4440737|"Chinese Capitalism in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1941"]], m.s.193).
+  * //"Mr. A.G. Crane - Born in Singapore on June 27, 1871, this gentleman is a son of the late Mr. C. E. Crane, who carried on business as a valuer and commission agent in that city for many years, and is now living in retirement in England. After leaving Dedham Grammar School, Mr. A.G. Crane was for some time on his Majesty's training-ship Worcester. He then came out to the East and joined his father's business. Two years later he entered the service of a mercantile firm, and remained with them for two years, when, owing to ill-health, he had to go to Canada. In that country he resided for three years, when, owing to ill-health, he had to go to Canada. In that country he resided for three years, two of which were spent i a silk house and the other in a salmon-tinning business. Returning to the Far East, he joined the Perak Government service, and was in it for four years. At the end of this engagement Mr. Crane went to England to study mining and mineralogy. Having gone through a short college term, he returned to the Federated Malay States in 1904, and, on behalf of a Perak Syndicate, prospected for tin ore in Western Siam for a year and a half. Having selected two tin concessions for the syndicate, he returned to Kuala Lumpor and accepted Towkay Loke Yew's offer of the management of Hawthornden estate, which comprises about 300 acres of tin-mining land and 300 acres planted with rubber. Mr. Crane is an enthusiastic amateur photographer."// (Arnold Wright, H.A. Cartwright, 1908: [[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023134368|"Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources"]], m.s. 893).
+Beberapa contoh rekod pembukaan lombong Loke Yew di dalam Hawthornden Estate pada tahun 1907-1910:-
   * **1907-02-06**: //"LAND OFFICE, Kuala Lumpur, 6th February, 1907. Subject: Recommends issue of Mining Certificate to Towkay Loke Yew for land in the Mukim of Setapak. Sir, With reference to previous correspondence, S.R.2461/06, regarding an application by Towkay Loke Yew for twenty five acres of land for mining purposes, such land being comprised in the Hawthornden Estate, I have the honour to inform you that Towkay Loke Yew has made application for the issue of a Mining Certificate. As the Superintendent Revenue Surveys states that he cannot tell when a Mining Lease will be prepared, I recommend that Towkay Loke Yew's request for a Mining Certificate be granted. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your Obedient Servant, ?. Ag: Collector of Land Revenue, Kuala Lumpur."// (Arkib Negara 1957/0134342W, 06/02/1907: {{ :arkib:19570134342d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1474586|"SANCTION TO ISSUE A MINING CERTIFICATE TO TOWKAY LOKE YEW OVER THE LAND APPROVED TO HIM AT SETAPAK -"]]).