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--- penjara_pudu_wabak [2023/01/07 23:29] – [1908: Wabak Malaria] sazli
+++ penjara_pudu_wabak [2023/01/10 15:22] (kini) – [Pasca Penglibatan Dr. W.L. Braddon] sazli
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 Wabak Beri-Beri mula menular dengan berleluasa pada suku akhir kurun ke-19, dan kebanyakan penghidapnya adalah imigran Cina. Sepanjang waktu itu, puncanya tidak dapat dikenalpasti: //"Beri-beri began spreading like wildfire throughout Malaya during the last quarter of the 19th century. It was particularly prevalent among young Chinese immigrants and, at that time, nobody had any clue of its origin."// (Alan Teh Leam Seng @ New Straits Times, June 16 2021: {{ :akhbar:malaya_led_the_way_in_medical_research.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/699154/malaya-led-way-medical-research|"Malaya led the way in medical research"]]).
-**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[beri-beri|Beri-Beri di Tanah Melayu (1880-1910)]]**
+**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[beri-beri|Beri-Beri di Tanah Melayu (1848-1910)]]**
 Penjara Pudu turut terkesan dengan penularan wabak beri-beri ini, seawal tahun 1895, tidak lama selepas pembukaannya.
 **1895-10-17**: //"INFORMATION FROM BRITISH RESIDENT IN KUALA LUMPUR REGARDING THE DISEASE OUT BRAKE IN THE PRISON FACILITY."// (24/10/1895: {{ :arkib:19570058823d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/145630|"PUDOH GAOL - BERI-BERI:- CAPTAIN SUPERINTENDENT POLICE, STATE ENGINEER AND RESIDENCY SURGEON TO MEET RESIDENT AT PUDU GAOL ON SATURDAY"]]).
+**1895-11-12**: Laporan akhbar berkenaan wabak taun dan beri-beri: //"During the last few months, the prison authorities - particularly the Medical branch have had an anxious and busy time. Cholera first appeared at the new Gaol soon after the first large batch of prisoners had been transferred to that building. Within a few weeks no less than 128 cases were reported, of which 68 terminated fatally. Shortly after this, the Gaol was connected with the new service Reservoir, and immediately the progress of the disease was checked. Then, without granting any respite to the Medical Officers who had worked manfully against the cholera, an epidemic of beri-beri, of the most virulent type, made its appearance. This has lasted for several months. During September, out of 37 cases there were 13 deaths, while, last month, out of about 60 cases there were only 8 deaths. The prisoners have all been moved back to their old quarters in Kuala Lumpur, and the fall in the death-rate is attributed to this cause. It appears that the Pudoh Gaol is being erected on the site of an old graveyard, and that the excavation work in progress there let loose the contents of a veritable "Pandora's box" amongst the unfortunate inmates. THe choice of the site is very unfortunate; but, there is reason to hope that, when the construction is finished and the premises have been left to "air" a little, the Pudoh climate will be no worse than any other. It is curious to note that the cholera killed very few of the long sentence prisoners."// (Straits Budget, 12 November 1895, Page 5: {{ :akhbar:straitsbudget18951112-1-2-48.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitsbudget18951112-1.2.48|"SELANGOR NEWS"]]).
 **1895-11-23**: //"REQUISITION FROM THE CAPTAIN-SUPERINTENDENT OF PRISON TO THE STATE ENGINEER REGARDING THE CLEARANCE OF THE EARTH WHICH SATURATED WITH DECOMPOSED HUMAN REMAINS INCLUDING SKELETONS FROM OLD GRAVES WHERE IT WAS DEPOSITED TEMPORARILY WHICH CAN CAUSE BERI-BERI OUTBREAK."// (23/11/1895: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1361527|"IMPROVEMENT WORK ON PUDOH HILL AND REMOVAL OF SPOIL AWAY FROM THE GAOL WALL"]]).
+**1895-11-26**: //"It appears that several hundred prisoners are still quartered at the Pudoh gaol, and that the beri-beri is by no means stamped out. The cholera epidemic was clearly due to the water supply, for only one case occured after the gaol was connected with the Ampang Waterworks, but the beri-beri cannot be disposed of so easily. The gaol is damp, it is built in a graveyard, and the weather has been admirably suited to the requirements of the germ. During 1894, only 16 deaths occured, while in the third quarter of this year, that is to say, from the 1st of July to September 30th, death has released no less than 105 - chiefly short sentence prisoners."// (Straits Budget, 26 November 1895, Page 5: {{ :akhbar:straitsbudget18951126-1-2-48.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitsbudget18951126-1.2.48|"SELANGOR NEWS"]]).
 **1895-11-30**: //"A SUBMISSION FROM THE BRITISH RESIDENT TO THE COLONIAL SECRETARY ON DETAILS REGARDING THE OUTBREAK OF A DISEASE AT NEW JAIL IN KUALA LUMPUR, THE NECESSARY TREATMENTS CARRIED OUT, CONDITION OF THE BUILDING, WARDENS AND INSPECTION OF THE FACILITY."// (30/11/1895: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/146808|"REPORT ON BERI-BERI AT PUDOH GAOL. FORWARDS:-"]]).
 **1895-12-10**: //"INFORMATION FROM THE RESIDENCY SURGEON REGARDING THE DAMAGED DRAINAGE SYSTEM CAUSED BY HEAVY RAIN AND THE CLEAN WATER WERE MIXED WITH THE SOIL RESULTING TO DISEASE TO THOSE WHO CONSUME IT."// (10/12/1895: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/781339|"BERI-BERI AT PUDOH GAOL - (EXTRACT FROM REPORT)"]]).
+**1896-06-09**: Menurut laporan bagi tahun 1895, wabak Beri-Beri dikatakan berpunca dari kawasan lombong di sekitarnya: //"The Selangor Medical Report for 1895 confirms the impression that the prevalence or otherwise of beri-beri is largely influenced by mining, more especially in the case of newly opened districts. At Pudoh jail, an outbreak of the disease was traced to the inhalation of specific poison generated in the soil."// (Straits Budget, 9 June 1896, Page 2: {{ :akhbar:straitsbudget18960609-1-2-11.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitsbudget18960609-1.2.11|"THE GOVERNOR AND BERI-BERI"]]).
+**1896-07-10**: //"An outbreak of beri-beri ni the gaol at Kuala Lumpor, with 31 deaths out of 152 cases, is attributed to soil emanations. An outbreak of cholera later on in the same gaol with 68 deaths out of 126 cases is put down to water supply defects."// (The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 10 July 1896, Page 2: {{ :akhbar:singfreepressb18960710-1-2-4.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb18960710-1.2.4|"SELANGOR IN 1895"]]).
 **1896-08-14**: (14/08/1896: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1364295|"BERI-BERI IN THE PUDOH GAOL AND THE WATER SUPPLY - REPORT ON;"]]).
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 **1903-01-03**: Pengarah [[https://www.imr.gov.my/en/corporate-info/history|Institute for Medical Research (I.M.R.)]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Wright|Dr. Hamilton Wright]], mengisytiharkan wabak Beri-Beri telah cukup terkawal, dan peranan mereka selesai: //"I have the honour to inform you that so far as the Kuala Lumpur Gaol is concerned I have finished my observations on Beri-beri experimental, clinical, post-mortem, and the powers granted me in yout R.G. 928/00 and by the official Notification in Gazette No 9/00 are no longer needed. 2. In resigning those powers and my position in the gaol it gives me great pleasure to testify to the consideration and courtesy I have for three years experienced at the hands of the entire gaol staff from the Superintendent of Prisons downwards. I would especially mention the painstaking efforts along many lines of the gaoler, Mr. Galloway."// (03/01/1903: {{ :arkib:19570106579d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/193033|"BERI - BERI OBSERVATIONS, PUDOH GAOL, FINISHED"]]).
-**1903-04-22**: c(22/04/1903: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1376533|"PERMISSION FOR DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH AND HIS ASSETS TO VISIT PUDOH GAOL"]]).
+**1903-04-22**: (22/04/1903: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1376533|"PERMISSION FOR DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH AND HIS ASSETS TO VISIT PUDOH GAOL"]]).
+**1903-05-19**: Wabak beri-beri dilaporkan reda: //"The medical department is to be congratulated on Pudoh Gaol being free from beri beri, besides other diseases being but rare occurences. A spacious extra mural hospital, adjoining the gaol walls, is now under construction."// (Straits Echo, 19 May 1903, Page 1: {{ :akhbar:straitsecho19030519-1-2-8.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitsecho19030519-1.2.8|"Kwala Lumpor Notes"]]).
 **1904-02-24**: (24/02/1904: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1396021|"PARTIAL RESUMPTION OF INTRA-MURAL WORK, PUDOH GAOL"]]).
@@ Line 181: / Line 191: @@
 **1904-03-24**: (24/03/1904: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1396347|"EXTRA MURAL WORK, PUDOH GAOL - VISIT OF DIRECTOR OF INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH TO THE GAOL"]]).
-**1904-11-28**: (28/11/1904: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1476537|"COMPLETION OF EXTRA MURAL BERI BERI HOSPITAL, PUDOH GAOL - RE :-"]]).
+**1904-11-28**: Hospital Beri-Beri siap dibina di luar Penjara Pudu (28/11/1904: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1476537|"COMPLETION OF EXTRA MURAL BERI BERI HOSPITAL, PUDOH GAOL - RE :-"]]).
 **1904-12-17**: Bilangan banduan yang sakit bertambah (17/12/1904: {{ :arkib:19570119929d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1476671|"INCREASE OF THE NUMBER OF 'SICK' IN PUDOH GAOL - RE :-"]]). \\ {{:arkibgambar:19570119929d02-02.png?250|}}{{:arkibgambar:19570119929d02-03.png?200|}}
@@ Line 192: / Line 202: @@
 ==== 1905 (Akhir): Wabak Beri-Beri Terkawal ====
+**1905-10**: Di dalam surat terbuka Dr. Travers, sebagai maklumbalas kepada makalah Dr. Hamilton Wright sebelumnya, beliau menjelaskan langkah-langkah pembersihan yang telah dibuat di Penjara Pudu, bagi mencegah penularan wabak Beri-beri di situ (E. A. O. Travers, The Journal of Hygiene Vol. 5, No. 4 (Oct., 1905), pp. 536-539: {{ :buku:10.2307_3858963.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3858963|"Relating to the Paper Entitled "The Successful Application of Preventive Measures against Beri-Beri," by Dr. Hamilton Wright"]]).
 Menurut beberapa laporan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1906, keadaan telah beransur pulih mulai suku keempat tahun 1905:-
@@ Line 201: / Line 213: @@
   * (12/04/1906: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1472575|"HEALTH REPORT ON PUDOH GAOL FOR 1ST QUARTER 1906"]]).
-**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[beri-beri|Beri-Beri di Tanah Melayu (1880-1910)]]**
+**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[beri-beri|Beri-Beri di Tanah Melayu (1848-1910)]]**
 ===== 1908: Wabak Malaria =====
-Wabak malaria telah pun melanda daerah Klang beberapa tahun sebelumnya. State Surgeon Selangor ketika itu, Dr Malcom Watson, berjaya mengawal wabak ini dengan mengeringkan kawasan paya di situ. Pada tahun 1907, beliau bersara dan meneruskan kajiannya, dan menjadi penasihat kesihatan di ladang-ladang seluruh Selangor: //"It all began at the turn of the 20th century, when the Selangor state surgeon Dr Malcolm Watson started work on malaria control following a serious epidemic that floored many Klang residents. With full government aid and a $30,000 Sanitary Board grant to drain waterlogged swamps, Watson initiated mitigating measures that were met with resounding success both in Klang and Port Swettenham. By 1907, Dr Watson resigned from government service and began devoting more time and study towards malaria. He collected invaluable data and gained new insights into the disease by serving as medical adviser to many rubber estates that were rapidly opening up all over Selangor."// (Alan Teh Leam Seng @ New Straits Times, June 16 2021: {{ :akhbar:malaya_led_the_way_in_medical_research.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/699154/malaya-led-way-medical-research|"Malaya led the way in medical research"]]).
+Wabak malaria telah pun melanda daerah Klang seawal tahun 1901. State Surgeon Selangor ketika itu, Dr Malcom Watson, berjaya mengawal wabak ini dengan mengeringkan kawasan paya di situ. Pada tahun 1907, beliau bersara dan meneruskan kajiannya, dan menjadi penasihat kesihatan di ladang-ladang seluruh Selangor: //"It all began at the turn of the 20th century, when the Selangor state surgeon Dr Malcolm Watson started work on malaria control following a serious epidemic that floored many Klang residents. With full government aid and a $30,000 Sanitary Board grant to drain waterlogged swamps, Watson initiated mitigating measures that were met with resounding success both in Klang and Port Swettenham. By 1907, Dr Watson resigned from government service and began devoting more time and study towards malaria. He collected invaluable data and gained new insights into the disease by serving as medical adviser to many rubber estates that were rapidly opening up all over Selangor."// (Alan Teh Leam Seng @ New Straits Times, June 16 2021: {{ :akhbar:malaya_led_the_way_in_medical_research.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/699154/malaya-led-way-medical-research|"Malaya led the way in medical research"]]).
+**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[malaria|Malaria di Tanah Melayu (1880-1910)]]**
 **1902-05-22**: Masalah nyamuk telah dilaporkan di Penjara Pudu beberapa seawal tahun 1902 lagi, namun belum ada  penularan wabak malaria yang serius (22/05/1902: [[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/190628|"MOSQUITOES IN PUDOH GAOL"]]).
@@ Line 218: / Line 232: @@
 (Sumber: PEJABAT SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR, 09/05/1908: {{ :arkib:19570142408d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1476423|"PREVALENCE OF MOSQUITOES OF THE PUDU GAOL"]]).
+Menjelang tahun 1911, Dr Watson berjaya mengenalpasti spesis nyamuk malaria dan kaedah berkesan untuk mengawal pembiakannya. Kaedahnya ini diterbitkan oleh Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine pada tahun 1911, yang menjadi antara panduan utama kawalan wabak ini: //"Working at a time when there was near complete ignorance of the different Malayan mosquito species, Watson successfully sought out the culprit that acted as vector for the malarial pathogen and began devising effective methods to interrupt its life cycle through breeding prevention and stopping the larvae from reaching adulthood. Watson strongly encouraged drying up mosquito breeding sites by using underground pipes to eliminate surface water retention, keeping seawater off the land by building bunds, and the destruction of young larvae with oil. His effective techniques and their splendid success record were published in 1911 by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Apart from blazing a trail for succeeding generations to follow, his book also laid down basic principles of malaria control, which remained unchallenged for many decades."// (Alan Teh Leam Seng @ New Straits Times, June 16 2021: {{ :akhbar:malaya_led_the_way_in_medical_research.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/699154/malaya-led-way-medical-research|"Malaya led the way in medical research"]]).
 **1911-11-24**: (PEJABAT SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR, 24/11/1911: {{ :arkib:19570160492d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/1481335|"WELLS AT PUDU GAOL"]]).