Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- malaria [2023/01/08 12:43] – sazli
+++ malaria [2023/01/08 13:29] (kini) – [1895-1900: Penularan Wabak Malaria] sazli
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Malaria di Tanah Melayu (1900-1910) ======
+====== Malaria di Tanah Melayu (1880-1910) ======
 ===== Dirujuk oleh =====
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ====== Kronologi ======
+===== 1880-1900: Penularan Wabak Malaria =====
+Sebagaimana wabak lain, malaria mula menular di Tanah Melayu pada akhir kurun ke-20. Walaupun punca spesifik setiap wabak hanya diketahui berpuluh tahun selepas penularannya, puncanya secara umum ialah penyahhutanan besar-besaran untuk tujuan pembukaan kawasan ladang dan perlombongan yang besar, serta jaringan jalan-jalan pengangkutannya, yang mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan ekologi dan penularan wabak. Pekerja migran yang dibawa masuk oleh pihak British pula tidak mempunyai daya ketahanan semulajadi terhadap wabak tempatan. Pakar serta kakitangan perubatan British pula, kurang berpengalaman dan berpengetahuan mengenai wabak-wabak tersebut, lalu mengakibatkan puluhan ribu pekerja terkorban olehnya: //"...jangkamasa 1896-1914 merupakan tempoh yang paling penting untuk memahami peranan British dalam mengawal penularan penyakit ekoran eksploitasi ekonomi yang dialami oleh negeri Melayu di bawah pentadbiran British. Menurut J. Norman Parmer, "British rule first made the incidence of disease and death very much worse than before. The clearing of land for estates, the expansion of mining and the construction of public works disturbed existing ecological balances, causing diseases to spread and multiply. The large immigrant labour forces assembled for these capital investments lacked natural immune systems. The colonial government, the chief provider of medical services, also lacked experience and knowledge and as a consequence many tens of thousands of workers died.""// (Noraini Mohamed Hassan, 2004: {{ :makalah:noraini_2004_-_bab1.pdf ||}}[[http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/414/|"Penyakit tropika di Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu, 1896-1914 : tumpuan kepada penyakit beri-beri, malaria dan penyakit usus"]], BAB SATU: PENGENALAN).
 ===== 1901-1908: Kawalan Wabak di Klang, oleh Dr. Malcolm Watson =====
-Wabak malaria telah pun melanda beberapa daerah yang telah diterokai sejak beberapa tahun sebelum kurun ke-20, contohnya yang direkodkan di Klang seawal tahun 1901. District Surgeon Klang ketika itu, **(Sir) Dr. Malcom Watson (1873-1955)**, berjaya mengawal wabak ini dengan mengeringkan kawasan paya di situ. Pada tahun 1907, beliau bersara dan meneruskan kajiannya, dan menjadi penasihat kesihatan di ladang-ladang seluruh Selangor: //"It all began at the turn of the 20th century, when the Selangor state surgeon Dr Malcolm Watson started work on malaria control following a serious epidemic that floored many Klang residents. With full government aid and a $30,000 Sanitary Board grant to drain waterlogged swamps, Watson initiated mitigating measures that were met with resounding success both in Klang and Port Swettenham. By 1907, Dr Watson resigned from government service and began devoting more time and study towards malaria. He collected invaluable data and gained new insights into the disease by serving as medical adviser to many rubber estates that were rapidly opening up all over Selangor."// (Alan Teh Leam Seng @ New Straits Times, June 16 2021: {{ :akhbar:malaya_led_the_way_in_medical_research.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/699154/malaya-led-way-medical-research|"Malaya led the way in medical research"]]).
+Wabak malaria telah pun melanda beberapa daerah yang telah diterokai secara besar-besaran sejak akhir kurun ke-19, contohnya yang direkodkan di Klang pada tahun 1901. District Surgeon Klang ketika itu, **(Sir) Dr. Malcom Watson (1873-1955)**, berjaya mengawal wabak ini dengan mengeringkan kawasan paya di situ. Pada tahun 1907, beliau bersara dan meneruskan kajiannya, dan menjadi penasihat kesihatan di ladang-ladang seluruh Selangor: //"It all began at the turn of the 20th century, when the Selangor state surgeon Dr Malcolm Watson started work on malaria control following a serious epidemic that floored many Klang residents. With full government aid and a $30,000 Sanitary Board grant to drain waterlogged swamps, Watson initiated mitigating measures that were met with resounding success both in Klang and Port Swettenham. By 1907, Dr Watson resigned from government service and began devoting more time and study towards malaria. He collected invaluable data and gained new insights into the disease by serving as medical adviser to many rubber estates that were rapidly opening up all over Selangor."// (Alan Teh Leam Seng @ New Straits Times, June 16 2021: {{ :akhbar:malaya_led_the_way_in_medical_research.pdf ||}}[[https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/06/699154/malaya-led-way-medical-research|"Malaya led the way in medical research"]]).
 Berikut adalah beberapa petikan buku **Dr. Malcolm Watson, 1911: {{ :buku:the_prevention_of_malaria_in_the_federated_malay_states_by_malcolm_watson_with_a_preface_by_ronald_ross._wellcome_collection.pdf ||}}[[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/a5krf9cq|"The prevention of malaria in the Federated Malay States"]]** yang mendokumenkan beberapa langkah kawalan malaria. Untuk tujuan ringkasan, petikan yang diambil adalah khusus untuk kawasan Klang sahaja:-
@@ Line 35: / Line 39: @@
 ==== 1903-1905: Wabak Dalam Kawalan ====
-Pada Disember 1903 dan Januari 1904 (1-2 tahun setelah projek pengambusan paya), Dr. G.F.Leicester masih merekodkan kehadiran nyamuk spesis Anopheline (tiruk, pembawa malaria) di pelbagai tempat takungan air (semulajadi atau pun tidak) di Klang. Hal ini berlarutan sehingga Mr. E.V. Carey mencadangkan perparitan di lereng bukit, sebagaimana yang diamalkan di ladang-ladang. Mereka mendapati sistem perparitan lebih berkesan berbanding pengambusan paya: //"In December, 1903, and January, 1904, Dr. G.F. Leicester investigated the Anophelines of Klang and reported as follows in his 'Culicidae of Malaya'... The work was not, however, finished all at once and even in 1904 some small swamps were still in existence. It was not until Mr. E.V. Carey pointed out that the only way of draining the swamps effectively was by contour drains at the foot of the hills, the method universally employed by planters, that these were really dry."// (m.s.17, 23).
+Pada Disember 1903 dan Januari 1904 (1-2 tahun setelah projek pengambusan paya), Dr. G.F.Leicester masih merekodkan kehadiran nyamuk spesis Anopheline (tiruk, pembawa malaria) di pelbagai tempat takungan air (semulajadi atau pun tidak) di Klang. Hal ini berlarutan sehingga Mr. E.V. Carey mencadangkan perparitan di lereng bukit, sebagaimana yang diamalkan di ladang-ladang: //"In December, 1903, and January, 1904, Dr. G.F. Leicester investigated the Anophelines of Klang and reported as follows in his 'Culicidae of Malaya'... The work was not, however, finished all at once and even in 1904 some small swamps were still in existence. It was not until Mr. E.V. Carey pointed out that the only way of draining the swamps effectively was by contour drains at the foot of the hills, the method universally employed by planters, that these were really dry."// (m.s.17, 23).
 {{:gambar:klang-malaria-1894-1904.png?500|Statistik kemasukan pesakit malaria di Hospital Klang, 1894-1904}}{{:gambar:klang-malaria-1901-1904.png?400|Statistik kemasukan pesakit malaria di Hospital Klang, 1901-1904}} \\
 Hasilnya, menurut statistik kemasukan pesakit malaria di Hospital Klang, keadaan wabak malaria telah terkawal menjelang tahun 1905, hasil langkah-langkah pembasmian pembiakan nyamuk yang telah dijalankan sebelum ini. (m.s. 29).
-{{:gambar:klang-1910-01.png?450|}}{{:gambar:klang-1910-02.png?450|}} \\
+==== 1905-1910: Penaiktarafan Sistem Perparitan ====
+Setelah beberapa projek pengambusan dan perparitan dijalankan, beberapa dapatan dan kelemahan telah dikenalpasti dan diperbaiki, antaranya:-
+  * Sistem perparitan jauh lebih berkesan berbanding pengambusan paya.
+  * Terdapat beberapa sistem perparitan yang tidak cekap dan gagal mengambil kira pasang surut air sungai dan laut,  menyebabkan airnya tidak mengalir dengan baik di beberapa tempat, lalu menjadi tempat pembiakan nyamuk.
+  * Prosedur pembinaan dan penyelenggaraan jalan raya serta jalan keretapi yang tidak dilengkapi langkah perparitan yang sewajarnya, menyebabkan takungan air berlaku di sepanjangnya, lalu menjadi tempat pembiakan nyamuk.
+{{:gambar:klang-1910-01.png?450|Keadaan kawasan "Race Ground" pekan Klang setelah perparitan dibina, sekitar 1910}}{{:gambar:klang-1910-02.png?450|Keadaan kawasan "Race Ground" pekan Klang setelah perparitan dibina, sekitar 1910}} \\
 Keadaan kawasan "Race Ground" pekan Klang (sekitar Stadium Sultan Sulaiman kini) setelah perparitan dibina, sekitar 1910: (m.s.24-25).
+{{:gambar:portswettenham-culvert-1910.png?450|Perparitan air pasang di Port Swettenham, sekitar 1910}}{{:gambar:kapar-parit-1910.png?450|Perparitan di kawasan ladang di Kapar, sekitar 1910}} \\
+**Kiri**: Perparitan air pasang di Port Swettenham, sekitar 1910 \\
+**Kanan**: Perparitan di kawasan ladang di Kapar, sekitar 1910
+(m.s. 38-39).
 (Sumber: Dr. Malcolm Watson, 1911: {{ :buku:the_prevention_of_malaria_in_the_federated_malay_states_by_malcolm_watson_with_a_preface_by_ronald_ross._wellcome_collection.pdf ||}}[[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/a5krf9cq|"The prevention of malaria in the Federated Malay States"]]).